Evidence and references

Master reference list for the clinical claims on this site. Superscripted citations throughout the site (for example, 5) link to the numbered references below. The GreenLight-specific references begin at #21.

HoLEP and general BPH references

  1. Sandhu JS, Bixler BR, Dahm P, Goueli R, Kirkby E, Stoffel JT, Wilt TJ. Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Attributed to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): AUA Guideline Amendment 2023. Journal of Urology. 2023. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000003698.
  2. Wollin TA, Denstedt JD. The Holmium Laser in Urology. Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 1998;16(1):13-20. doi:10.1089/clm.1998.16.13.
  3. Gilling PJ, Wilson LC, King CJ, Westenberg AM, Frampton CM, Fraundorfer MR. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and transurethral resection of the prostate: results at 7 years. BJU International. 2012;109(3):408-411. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10359.x. PMID: 21883820.
  4. Naspro R, Suardi N, Salonia A, Scattoni V, Guazzoni G, Colombo R, Cestari A, Briganti A, Mazzoccoli B, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus open prostatectomy for prostates >70 g: 24-month follow-up. European Urology. 2006;50(3):563-568. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.04.003. PMID: 16713070.
  5. Kuntz RM, Lehrich K, Ahyai SA. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus open prostatectomy for prostates greater than 100 grams: 5-year follow-up results of a randomised clinical trial. European Urology. 2008;53(1):160-168. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.08.036.
  6. Fallara G, Capogrosso P, Schifano N, Costa A, Candela L, Cazzaniga W, Boeri L, Belladelli F, Scattoni V, Salonia A, Montorsi F. Ten-year follow-up results after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. European Urology Focus. 2021;7(3):612-617. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.012. PMID: 32576532.
  7. Elzayat EA, Elhilali MM. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP): long-term results, reoperation rate, and possible impact of the learning curve. European Urology. 2007;52(5):1465-1471. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.074. PMID: 17498867.
  8. Elkoushy MA, Elshal AM, Elhilali MM. Reoperation after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: assessment of risk factors with time to event analysis. Journal of Endourology. 2015;29(7):797-804. doi:10.1089/end.2015.0060. PMID: 25705817.
  9. Daryanto B, Suryanullah WS, Putra PYP. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral resection of the prostate in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized control trials. Current Urology. 2025;19(1):6-16. doi:10.1097/CU9.0000000000000257.
  10. Michalak J, Tzou D, Funk J. HoLEP: the gold standard for the surgical management of BPH in the 21st century. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Urology. 2015;3(1):36-42.
  11. El Tayeb MM, Jacob JM, Bhojani N, Bammerlin E, Lingeman JE. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in patients requiring anticoagulation. Journal of Endourology. 2016;30(7):805-809. doi:10.1089/end.2016.0070.
  12. Pastore S, Carilli M, Di Nicola S, Campagna A, Parente U, Pierella F, D'Ippolito G, Agro EF, Zuccala A. Early hemorrhagic complications after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in patients undergoing antithrombotic therapy: a retrospective analysis from a high-volume centre. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(19):6006. doi:10.3390/jcm13196006. PMCID: PMC11478196.
  13. Coman RA, Bschleipfer T, Al Hajjar N, Petrut B. Predictive factors of transient urinary incontinence following holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP): single-center experience. Medicina (Kaunas). 2024;60(9):1460. doi:10.3390/medicina60091460.
  14. Ye H, Codas R, Daily T, Badet L, Colombel M, Fassi-Fehri H. Stress urinary incontinence after holmium laser enucleation of prostate: incidence and risk factors. Journal of Men's Health. 2022;18(1):17. doi:10.31083/jomh.2021.129.
  15. Ibis MA, Castiglione F, Khan N, Cakir OO, Tokatli Z, Yaman O. Erectile and ejaculatory outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a comprehensive narrative review. UroPrecision. 2025. doi:10.1002/uro2.70030.
  16. Lee H, So S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Paick JS, Oh SJ. Clinical outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a large prospective registry-based patient cohort study under regular follow-up protocol. Investigative and Clinical Urology. 2024;65(4):361-367. doi:10.4111/icu.20240080.
  17. Gilfrich C, May M, Gratzke C, Fahlenbrach C, Gunster C, Jeschke E, Popken G, Roigas J, Stolzenburg JU, Leicht H. Reoperation for benign prostatic obstruction following transurethral resection and holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a 3-year follow-up study of over 33,000 primary surgical interventions. European Urology Focus. 2025;11(4):609-617. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2025.02.017.
  18. Bishop CV, Liddell H, Ischia J, Paul E, Appu S, Frydenberg M, Pham T. Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Comparison of Immediate Postoperative Outcomes in Patients with and without Antithrombotic Therapy. Current Urology. 2013;7(1):28-33. doi:10.1159/000343549. PMID: 24917753.
  19. Hochreiter WW, Thalmann GN, Burkhard FC, Studer UE. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate combined with electrocautery resection: the mushroom technique. Journal of Urology. 2002;168(4 Pt 1):1470-1474. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000026904.51834.e2. PMID: 12352418.
  20. Bass EJ, Challacombe BJ. HoLEP: a platinum standard for modern benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment. Trends in Urology & Men's Health. 2024. doi:10.1002/tre.969.

GreenLight laser references

  1. Castellani D, Pirola GM, Rubilotta E, et al. GreenLight Laser Photovaporization versus Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research and Reports in Urology. 2021;13:263-271. doi:10.2147/RRU.S277482.
  2. Eken A, Soyupak B. Safety and efficacy of photoselective vaporization of the prostate using the 180-W GreenLight XPS laser system in patients taking oral anticoagulants. Journal of International Medical Research. 2018. doi:10.1177/0300060517747489.
  3. Campobasso D, Morselli S, Greco F, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of GreenLight laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate in ≥75 years old patients: results from the Italian GreenLight Laser Study Group. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2023;35(4):877-885. doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02351-9.
  4. Ozveren B, Karsiyakali N, Turkeri L. Surgical reintervention requirements following GreenLight PVP: A single-center experience using three different laser device models. Arab Journal of Urology. 2023;22(1):31-38. doi:10.1080/2090598X.2023.2222262.
Last reviewed: 22 April 2026. References will be updated as new high-quality evidence is published.

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